MEMORY AND UNITY OF ITALY 2011.
The outrages suffered by the southern populations are immeasurable. I am convinced that it did not hurt, although this is not the way I would do today in southern Italy, for fear of being stoned, having caused only misery and there raised only hate. "
(Giuseppe Garibaldi in a letter to Adelaide Cairoli, 1868).
'The Italian state was a vicious dictatorship that put on fire in southern Italy and islands, quartered, shot, buried alive poor farmers employed writers who attempted to defame the trademark of bandits. "
(Antonio Gramsci in The New Order, 1920)
For Southern populace the robber was very often the avenger and the benefactor was sometimes justice itself. The riots of the robbers, conscious or unconscious, in most cases had the character of true wilderness and proletarian revolt. This explains what happened to me and others and many times to see and the people of the southern countryside very often does not know even the names of the founders of Italian unity, but remember with admiration the names of the abbot of Caesar and the Duke and Angelo their more recent imitators. "
(Francesco Saverio Nitti.
This document is intended to reopen the debate, all of whom pretend to know everything, but that never appears in any discussion. It may be that previous generations, the knowledge of what was hidden behind the formula dismissive of the war on brigandage in southern Italy was clear. Of course it was for me that I was born around the politically fateful '68. First reading of Gramsci, then an event than a film: Bronte Florestano Vancini that was for my generation a real bath of reality that swept away the rhetoric Risorgimento learned in school. Vincenzo Consolo, on the sidelines of an interview I did for the Horse of the Cavalcanti, who told me of Bronte in fact there had been more than one.
That said, what follows is a bare list of facts and victims, with few comments. The sources from which to draw to further investigate the issue are indicated, both the most important historical and more recent ones, but there are many others, which anyone can access: just have the will to do so. What is important is to deal with its own history, do not let the rhetoric, or the discordant harmony of the Northern League and neo Bourbon north to south, coalition to win in the worst of today's Italy, or to play a subordinate role and all ideological hand over even more of Italy the mafia all latitudes.
two fronts.
REBELS. Ex
Bourbon soldiers, army veterans disappointed southern disertori del nuovo esercito italiano, braccianti nullatenenti, pastori, rivoltosi repubblicani, ex garibaldini come due dei figli di Garibaldi stesso, infine briganti sovvenzionati dal deposto Francesco II delle Due Sicilie, Pio IX e Isabella II di Spagna. I capi più importanti della ribellione furono: Carmine Crocco, Luigi Alonzi detto Chiavone, Rafael Tristany de Barrera, Ferdinando Mittica, Damiano Vellucci, Pasquale Romano.
Nel complesso i combattenti più o meno organizzati, nel momento più acuto dello scontro potevano contare su:
135.000 uomini suddivisi in
488 bande, scoordinate tra di loro e composte ognuna dai
5 ai 900 guerriglieri.
Ad essi vanno aggiunti i contadini ed i possidenti terrieri che rifornivano ed informavano gli uomini in armi, le popolazioni che si sono più volte ribellate in massa all'occupazione militare piemontese ed i numerosi parroci dei paesi che operavano quali portalettere tra le famiglie ed i guerriglieri.
L’ESERCITO REGIO PIEMONTESE.
120.000 soldati del Regio Esercito, metà della forza nazionale, dislocati dalla Campania alla Sicilia divisi in:
52 Reggimenti di Fanteria;
10 Reggimenti di Granatieri;
5 Reggimenti di Cavalleria;
19 Battaglioni di Bersaglieri.
Inoltre, vanno sommati:
7.489 Carabinieri;
83.927 Militi della Guardia Nazionale.
In totale le forze impegnate nella repressione furono:
211.416.
RESULT OF THE COLLISION BETWEEN THE TROOPS FIGHTING ..
Savoy Total loss:
23,013, of which:
fallen in combat. 21,120.
died of wounds or disease 1073.
missing and deserters: 820
Total loss of resistance:
266,370, of which:
fallen in combat: 154,850,
shot or died in prison: 111,520.
Total prison population: 339,397, of which:
imprisonment: 10,760.
held for various terms of imprisonment: 328,637 Total convicted
: 498,850, of which, after a trial held
: 19,850
detained without trial: 479,000.
"The military usually so tight-fisted image, Photo reveal a sudden profusion during the repression of brigandage in the years after the meeting of Tean. That's all of a sudden the impassive distant object, the view silent, are left out, and the corpses are hidden first ostentatious. Officers and soldiers work together to lay the shot before the camera, organize staged where still alive playing the part of the robber. A crowd of peasants in the southern and central looks so macabre to the nation's history. "
(Giulio Bollati, L'Italian, Einaudi, Torino, 1983, pp. 142-143.)
estimates that some foreign newspapers that rely on information" officers "of the new Kingdom of Italy, from September 1860 to August 1861 there were in the former Kingdom of Two Sicilies 8964
shot,
10,604 wounded, 6,112 prisoners
,
killed 64 priests, monks
22 killed, 60 children
killed
50 women killed, 13,529 arrested
,
918 homes burned, data in focus
6 countries, 3,000 families
raided, looted churches
12, 1428
common raised;
In 1863, a Parliamentary Committee was set d ' Inquiry chaired by Representative Joseph Massari which set out the causes of banditry: the misery of the people, obviously due to the oppression Bourbon, was poor because hungry by the Bourbons. The report Massari had resulted in the promulgation of the Law Pica authorizing a state of siege in the countries beaten by robbers.
Score:
almost one million deaths, destroyed
54 countries, and unprecedented violence and rapes, summary executions and processes.
Pontelandolfo town of Benevento was literally razed to the ground. The current historiography has recognized that the suppression of the rebellion in southern Italy and in large areas of the center has made more victims than all other wars put together the Risorgimento. What's more, unfortunately, ... concentration camps, the most formidable fortress located Fenestrelle to almost two thousand feet high, the mountains of Piedmont, to the left of Chisone, was so much fear as the confinement in Siberia. Officers, NCOs and soldiers (all those soldiers who did not want bourbon finish his compulsory military service in the army of Savoy, all those who openly declared themselves loyal to King Francis II, who vowed resistance to open Piedmont) suffered the most cruel treatment. The liberation came only with death and their bodies (they were still using the crematoria) were dissolved in the lime placed in a large tank located in the back of the church that stood at the entrance of the Fort.
A death without honor, without graves, without headstones and without memory, so that no traces of the crimes made. Even today, entering Fenestrelle on a wall is still visible the inscription:
"Everyone is not as it is but as it produces."
As you can see, the Nazis were not the first.
early as 1862 in October, having made untenable accommodation of prisoners of war and political prisoners, with the deportation of the inhabitants of entire villages, with the "galleys," filled up to capacity, he entrusted the government of Piedmont his ambassador in Lisbon to explore the availability of the Portuguese government to sell an uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean in order to relegate the bulky mass of many thousands of people to permanently delete. The through diplomatic channels, however, was unsuccessful, but the news reported on October 31 by the French press caused a great revulsion in public opinion. (Source www.cronologia.it/storia/a1863b.htm)
ECONOMICS AND EMIGRATION.
The gold reserves of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies before the conquest amounted to 500 million and the House of Savoy 100. The Kingdom of Italy was able to print paper money printed for about three billion, a real boon if we add the new taxes imposed on the 9 million inhabitants, savings, land and property stolen from the church authorities for the development agricultural valley. All in the name of the unification of Italy. In
Regno delle Due Sicilie la tassazione era, nel 1859, di 14 franchi a testa. Nel 1866, sotto il nuovo regime, le tasse erano salite fino a 28 franchi a testa.
La maggior parte degli insediamenti industriali fu smantellata e trasposta al nord. Due esempi: il famosissimo complesso di S. Leucio, i cui telai furono portati qualche anno dopo a Valdagno, dove fu creata la prima fabbrica tessile nel Veneto e le ferriere di Mongiana, i cui macchinari furono trasferiti in Lombardia.
Verso la fine del tremendo decennio, la resistenza sconfitta si trasformò in vero e proprio brigantaggio, andò perdendo la spinta ideale che lo aveva animato e le bande rimaste si diedero, allora sì, ad atti di malavita, istigate anche dalla condizione di extreme poverty in the southern regions which had fallen and the emergence of large estates, which the peasants took off any chance of survival with dignity. Only from that moment on, the repression of Piedmont took over: the robbery was finally defeated Southern and went to find a new life in America, starting a phenomenon virtually unknown until the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
In 1861, in fact, there were only 220 thousand Italians living abroad;
in 1914 was 6 million.
It is disturbing when you consider that the population of the former Kingdom of Naples was composed of 8 million people.
POSTSCRIPT. Apart from the sources indicated, I served Recent publications in the documents obtained by Giordano Bruno Guerri, Pino and others in April, as well as the southerners historians, such as Giustino Fortunato, Francesco Saverio Nitti and especially Antonio Gramsci.
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